аЯрЁБс>ўџ Y[ўџџџXџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅСY ПW]bjbjѓWѓW .p‘=‘=WYџџџџџџ]мммммммќќќќќ 4ќ:PPPPPPPPџ$:є.ˆ%мPPPPP%,ммPPP,,,PLмPмPџ№†v†ммммPџ,†,ВŽяммџP<@!;QŠ@Уќќœя Submission to the Educational Disadvantaged Forum The Traveller Perspective By Gerard Griffin National Co-ordinator for Senior Traveller Training Centres Further Education Section Department of Education and Science National Co-ordination Unit, Quay House, Woodquay, Parnell St, Ennis, Co.Clare Rationale (Philosophical Framework) This submission is looking at educational disadvantage from the perspective of the Traveller community; the purpose of this is to ensure that any measures that may result would take cognisance of their individual needs from their own cultural standpoint. It involves looking at education from a sociological perspective in order to focus on the specific educational needs of Travellers in this light. It can be argued that they are one of the most marginalised groups that have been excluded from society in Ireland up to the present day. Any analysis of issues in Traveller education should recognise the broader context of the role of education in Irish society. Education plays a crucial role in the socialisation of the young and in the transmission of culture. Ottaway (1962) states that: “ Education is an activity which goes on in society, and its aims and methods depend on the nature of the society in which it takes place.” (Ottaway, 1962, p.1). where society is: “ a kind of community ( or part of a community), whose members have become socially conscious of their mode of life, and are united by a common set of aims and values.” (p.3). One of the tasks of education is to hand on the cultural values and behaviour patterns of the society to its young and potential members, resulting in the achievement of greater social conformity, and preservation of traditional modes of life. Educational provision will vary in different societies and reflect societal changes. An examination of the sociology of education in Ireland with specific reference to its significance for the Traveller community must consider the inter-relationship between education and society from a sociological perspective. We will, therefore, examine education in the broader sense before relating this to the pedagogy of education that is been applied in Senior Traveller Training Centres and other educational institutions targeting Travellers. According to (Drudy and Lynch, 1993): “One of the more striking features of Irish education in the 1990’s is its very high participation rates. The value placed on education and educational credentials that characterises Irish society can only be fully understood within the context of Ireland’s position as a postcolonial state.” (Drudy and Lynch, 1993, p.3) Educational qualifications are a far more important determinant of status and power than is the case with core capitalist states possessing considerable indigenous industrial wealth. As indigenous industrial wealth is presently lacking in Ireland, educational qualification assumes a more significant importance. The education system acts as an agency of selection within a social structure and determines the type of schooling received, the occupational possibilities for the student, and hence status in the social hierarchy. This sociological dimension is therefore worthy of further consideration as education plays a critical role in the socialisation of the young and in the transmission of culture. Thus education involves: “forming young people as humans and citizens with a specifically Irish identity-largely according to the way in which that is interpreted by the dominant social groupings in education and in society.” (Drudy and Lynch, 1993, p.26). Socialisation is achieved by means of the ‘hidden curriculum’ and through various examination and assessment procedures which allocates people to different positions within the economic system. It thereby controls the level of social mobility in each generation. An examination of the ‘formal curriculum’ of schools could indicate that they might play a negative part in reproducing social outcomes. Observing the degree of emphasis given to the academic, the practical, the scientific, the personal, the technological, the aesthetic and other qualities by the formal curriculum, we can clearly see the aims and aspirations of society’s most powerful interest groups. Schools provide a platform where such dominant ideologies can be articulated, as with the case of the Catholic Church’s involvement in the control of schools, seeing education as a means of transferring ‘a world view’ of their ideology. Drudy and Lynch (1993) quotes Emile Durkheim in their book titled Schools and Society in Ireland, as stating that: “ the role of education in socialisation and the transmission of cultural was central……… and he suggested that the school was the key place where modern societies achieved social consensus and order, through the inculcation of central moral values” (Drudy and Lynch, 1993, p.29). In analysing a central approach to the interpretation of the educational system the paradigm of a ‘functionalist perspective’ can be seen to operate. Its origins can be attributed to Durkheim and Weber; functional analysis being concerned with social structures and processes at a macro level. The education system is seen as an agent for placing people into appropriate positions in the social and economic hierarchy. This approach does not assume that ‘inequalities’ should be removed, but interprets this as inevitable and necessary to the proper functioning of industrial society. The widespread assumption of Irish monoculturalism is reflected in our educational system, and located in the ‘functionalist’ approach, which until recently formed the basis of Irish social and educational analysis. It facilitated consensus and order particularly at times of social transition while offering the possibility of maintaining and transmitting a shared value system. How applicable is it in providing a solution to the Traveller ‘problem’ in education? This functionalist approach allowed for the increased expansion of special education measures for Traveller children as evidenced in their greater enrolment in primary schools. This does not necessary imply success, considering the levels of their underachievement in mainstream education and the high drop out rate at second level. The functionalist approach has allowed the policy-makers to get of the hook as they provide an educational provision with the appearance of equality of opportunity for all. The importance of educational credentials lies in determining access to wealth, status and power. In safeguarding the interests of the dominant classes, the state has allowed the cultural interests of the Travelling community to be accorded a superficial status in education. (Drudy and Lynch, 1993). Little cognisance is given in education of Traveller identity, other than the over-emphasis on remediation programmes, which positively discriminate in favour of Travellers but have little impact on their schooling. Structural inequalities in the social and educational systems have been largely overlooked. Mac Aongusa (1992) suggests that Traveller alienation from our education system dominated by middle class values limits the potential for academic success as do accommodation factors, compounded with health related issues and social discrimination and institutionalised racism and prejudice. Travellers are forced to remain at the lowest order of the education hierarchical structure and in the words of Drudy and Lynch (1993,p.271): “ Virtually none of their stories, their images or history appear as subject matters in schools. They are expected to adapt to the curriculum of schooling even though it excludes them.” Teachers play a central role in determining the quality of the Traveller experience in the Centre and the teacher’s own class and power interests, possible collaboration with the reproductive forces of the state in maintaining a middle class agenda in both the formal and hidden curricula needs to be determined. Certain key issues impact on the education provision for Travellers, which warrant further discussion. Therefore a close examination of the role and function will need to take place if one is to seriously challenge the educational disadvantage of the Traveller community. What are the pertinent issues? Consultation with Travellers/Parents. According to the Task Force Report (1995), Traveller parents have a “ fundamental role to play in the educational development of their children.” (Task Force Report, 1995, p.156). Low levels of literacy and lack of knowledge of school subjects have hindered direct contact between parents and teachers. Traveller parents feel embarrassed, which limits the communications between staff and parents. There is a major lack of Traveller parents involved at managerial level in all-educational settings. Travellers are not informed on how schools are administered, and are absent from roles in the school as committee members. The demand for consultation with Travellers arises out of their demand for constitutional rights as citizens. Travellers are becoming more vocal which ensures greater involvement at all stages of provision. Up to now, a poor level of representation by Travellers on Board’s of Management of Senior Traveller Training Centres is evidenced. It can be contended that this is due to their being poor attendees at meetings and to lack of involvement in the decision making process, resulting in absence from further meetings. The White Paper on Education (1995) emphases that Traveller parents should play a key role in a successful implementation of the Department’s policy of prevention of educational disadvantage among young Travellers. “ The Government is committee to promote active participation of parents at every level of the educational process. It also supports the right of parents to be consulted, as part of a collaborative process for educational decision making and policy making at school, regional and national level.” (White Paper on Education, 1995,p.140). Recommendation 1 If participation is to be facilitated, significant supports need to be established to ensure that they are fully informed of all aspects of the choices and on the implications related to their children’s involvement in education. Furthermore, these parents will need high quality support programmes, which are accessible and relevant to their needs and have been developed in consultation with Travellers and Travellers organisations (Griffin, 1998,p.44). An Advisory Committee on Traveller Education was established in July 1998, comprising of membership from the Travelling community, Traveller organisations, partners in education at primary, post-primary and further education levels, officials from the Departments of Education and Science and the Justice and Equality and Law Reform. The National Co-ordinator should be invited to participate in this forum. School Attendance Many approaches have been adopted over the years to improve the levels of attendance; making schools more Traveller friendly with home-school links, encouraging Traveller parent involvement, a Traveller inclusive curriculum, greater integration of social services and linking of these to schools coupled with a national policy and co-ordination among schools and law enforcement. The complex issue of school non-attendance demands a comprehensive solution, which can only be achieved by a mix of legislative, administrative, educational and social measures. The new Education Welfare Act will hopefully address the problems attached to school attendance, while referring to issues relating to the educational welfare of children in general. Such measures will identify cases where a child is experiencing difficulties in school attendance, resulting in an intervention at an early stage to address the problems. The minimum school age has been raised to 16 years or the completion of three years of junior cycle education, whichever is the later. This programme will be managed through a National Educational Welfare Board. Recommendation 2 Traveller parents would need to be provided with the necessary supports to ensure that the Act does not adversely effect their children. Nomadism. According to the Task Force Report (1995): “ Nomadism continues to be a significant feature of the Traveller way of life. There is a clash between this aspect of Traveller way of life and the way in which the present education system is organised. The education system was designed with ‘settled’ people in mind.” (Task Force Report, 1995,p.157) Until recently, nomadism has been central to the Travelling community. As Travellers lifestyle has altered, this nomadic tendency may no longer be considered as essential to being a Traveller. The number of stopping places has dwindled due to ‘the bolder campaign’ and the number of available places for Travellers to sell their wares has also been removed. Nomadism is more a ‘state of mind as a state of fact’, yet it is still perceived by some as a central ingredient to being a Traveller in the 90’s. Even though Travellers now have acquired houses, they still maintain that the urge is there to travel. Most commentators hold this view that Travellers are now less nomadic than in previous generations. One implication of their nomadic tendencies for the Senior Training Centres is that continuity is broken and the possibility of acquiring a position within the workforce is inhibited. It has highly significant consequences for administration of Centres, which need to meet targets in terms of numbers, as Centre staff allocation depends upon number of Travellers attending. A shortfall in numbers encourages an outreach to attract young people from the ‘settled community’, who themselves are educationally and socially disadvantaged. Intercultural Education and Multicultural Education. Since Ireland is part of the European Union, decisions made in Europe will directly impact on educational developments in the Irish context. New approaches at European level, that have been recognised as methods of dealing with changes within the educational field to combat social exclusion and unemployment, are therefore relevant. The European Parliament Committee of Inquiry on Racism and Xenophobia published its findings in 1991. In its country by country analysis, it refers to Travellers as the “…single most discriminated against ethnic group…. in Ireland.” (Task Force Report, 1995, p.159). Because of the acceptance of ethnic diversity that exists within many European countries as well as the United States, different approaches in education have been adopted to cater for such diversity. Ireland has for years been a homogenous society, with the Travellers being seen as the only different cultural group, this being reflected in our educational policy. The state had adopted an assimilationist approach to integration of Travellers into Irish society, while acknowledging the need for economic and social support for minorities so that they could be best integrated into society. This was in keeping with the aspiration to absorb these minorities within the ‘dominant culture’ to create a homogenous society. It was the part of the minorities to change and adapt; the educational system did not have to be adjusted to cater for their diverse needs. Various reports have used the intercultural model as a means towards moving away from the assimilationist approach to education and in doing so, have attempted to define this concept: “As such, intercultural education is to be conceptualised as ‘a set of educational practices designed to encourage mutual respect and understanding among all pupils, regardless of their cultural, linguistic ethnic or religious background’ (Report of the Commission of the European Communities, 1994, p.17). Our educational system, therefore, is being forced to adopt its policies and responses to cater for this diversity of cultures. The Government’s White Paper on education (1995) outlines some fundamental principles that are to be embodied in our education system that provide a cogent rationale for both the process and content of intercultural education of what is to be introduced in to the curriculum. “ A pluralist approach to education as young people need to have the ability to function in a world of increasing complexity and to adapt to continuous changing circumstances…” (Government White Paper on Education, 1995). The aims of the White Paper on Education can be enhanced if seen from an intercultural educational perspective (Government White Paper on Education, 1995, p.10). Societies are becoming more multicultural and this will be a factor to consider when creating an educational curriculum that reflects society. What are the implications for the curriculum? The curriculum on offer would need to be intercultural in its content and in its perspectives. The experiences of Travellers should be represented in accurate and sensitive ways, which indicates that society now values the richness of cultural diversity. All members of ethnic groups have a right to cultural inclusion in the curriculum. Difference would be seen as something positive which adds richness to life. Trans-cultural learning leads to a development, which accepts, puts into contact and democratically organises diversity. It does not attempt to replace diversity with an artificially created ‘common’ identity. The curriculum adopted should be anti-racist and should include contributions made by different ethnic groups. Educational materials should reflect different cultural groups in order to increase the students’ knowledge of these different groups. In Training Centres presently, the practice seems to be focussing on ‘exotic customs’ and practices of Travellers and other minority groups as part of the curriculum. This approach is likely to reinforce misconceptions and negative stereotypes rather than developing cultural sensitivity and understanding. It would be important that this practice should be part of broader equality and human rights issues and which would contain an anti-racist dimension. According to the Task Force Report on the Travelling Community (1995), a Curriculum based on a trans-cultural approach: “ … should not be viewed as a study of minority ethnic groups, rather, it should also involve examining majority ethnic groups. Otherwise there is a danger of the dominant group viewing cultural studies as a study of ‘them’ and other mainstream studies such as history and geography as a study of ‘us’. Differences should be acknowledged; difference should be seen as relational and not as deviant.” (Task Force Report, 1995,p.162/163). How is intercultural and multicultural education reflected in in-service training? In the Programme for Competitiveness and Work, it is stated that teacher training should receive an expansion in in-service training at all levels for teachers working with disadvantaged pupils. It would be important that this in-service education be developed for Senior Training Centre staff in consultation with Traveller bodies and teacher of Travellers. Teachers should be given the skills so that they are equipped to transmit democratic values and have the knowledge and skills to implement an intercultural and anti-racist curriculum. Teachers need to reflect on their own teaching methodologies and practices so as to ensure that their own values, beliefs, political views and moral codes are not interacting with the information being communicated to their students as part of the ‘hidden curriculum’. Trans-cultural learning/training for staff of Centres should include an understanding of the conditions and needs of disadvantaged groups in society, so that educational decisions can be made with a clear aim to redress their condition of subordination and marginalisation. The process of multicultural education and intercultural education could be used as educational tools to engage in directed change for Travellers in Training Centres. Recommendation 3 Staffs training programmes need to be development to include the principles of intercultural education as espoused above. Teacher Training. Until April 1998, the Industrial Training Authority had the responsibility for a substantial part of the training programme operating in Centres’ whilst the Department of Education and Science had the responsibility for literacy and numeracy. The modules now followed in Centres largely reflect the Industrial Training Authority’s (FAS) involvement in the programmes. It is difficult to quantify the teacher training that staff of Senior Traveller Training Centres have undergone. A variety of skills are on offer; some come from a vocational background while others come from a teaching background. Because of the lack of research on the class position of teachers generally in Ireland, it is not possible to identify their origin, but it is felt that they are middle class by ‘destination’ if not by origin (Lynch & Drudy, 1993,p.9 1). Generally, the figures on the number of part-time teachers working in mainstream teaching is hard to establish, as the Department of Education and Science publishes statistics on the number of full-time equivalents' in schools. This does not tell us how many people are involved part-time in these sectors. Teaching is predominately a female profession, a total of 63.9% of all teachers are women, but there are some variations by sector. It is in the primary sector that women are in the majority. There is a higher proportion of men in the vocational and comprehensive community schools, due to the fact of the gender based nature of teaching in the practical subjects, such as woodwork, metalwork, mechanical drawing and home economics. But while teaching is a predominately female profession, it is largely administered and managed by men. The gender balance for Directors of Traveller Workshops is 16: 11 in favour of men. There is paucity of systematic study into the social background of teachers. According to Coolahan (1981): "Secondary teacher training for the most part is conducted within the universities and is based on the consecutive model, with the professional element succeeding the undergraduate course"(Coolahan, 1981,p.238). In context of Senior Traveller Training Centres, there exists a high number of teachers who are now working within the network, but have not completed a formal teacher training course in the pedagogy of education and in multicultural and intercultural education. These teachers will need to be given the opportunity to acquire these necessary skills, so as to be able to adopt a trans-cultural approach to facilitate the challenges experienced by Travellers. This is made all the more necessary now that Ireland is becoming a multicultural society. 56Se?} 4 х ѓ ѕ ђk$‹$Б$Г$"'#'Q3к3х3:S:U:ЁEЯE-M€MєRSwTW]ћёэћћыыхысхпппххпспхз5CJOJQJ556 56CJ65CJ,5B* CJ,OJQJ5CJ "67RSe{ЁЛМрстуфх$+456ќќќњќќќќјќќќќќќќќќќќііііііќќ$67RSe{ЁЛМрстуфх$+456789:;<=>?c~} ! 4 х ц / 0 ѕ   ^_:"#$,А#$<=d‡Y€Дй g!!"""k$‹$Б$В$Г$ї$F%h%i%#'**V+W+X+i+1-Щ.л.@3Q3к3§њїѕѕѕѓѓѓѓѓѓѓёёёёёёёёёёюїыїї ]6789:;<=>?c~} ! 4 х ц / 0 ѕ   ^_:"ќќќќќќќќќљѓѓяѓѓяъхтѓттъппъ$$dр$„а„а$dр$$"#$,А#$<=d‡Y€Дй g!!"""k$‹$Б$В$Г$ї$їђяяящђђуййййййайййЭЭЭЫ$$ & F„а $ & Fdр$dр$d№$$„а$„аd№ї$F%h%i%#'**V+W+X+i+1-Щ.л.@3Q3к3х34?5@5Ё7Ђ78:S:њњњєєєњњєђєє№єђђєєюыњуоєыdр$„аdр$$dр$„ак3х34?5@5Ё7Ђ78:S:T:U:Ў<@Ц@љAњAћACnDoDEЁEЯEџJwK,M-M.MЎPЏPiRzRєRSwTNV3W@> Heading 5$$dр@&a$5\B@B Heading 6$$dр@&a$ 56CJ<A@ђџЁ< Default Paragraph Font(>@ђ( Title$a$CJ 4P@4 Body Text 2$a$aJ0B@0 Body TextdрaJFC@"F Body Text Indent$„а^„аa$aJ:'@Ђ1: Comment ReferenceCJaJJR@BJ Body Text Indent 2$„ ^„ a$aJ4R4 Comment TextCJaJWYpџџџџ  џџ џџ џџ џџ џџ џџ џџ џџ џџ џџ  џџ џџ  џџ ?‰Y#& -]5<ПC%LNRWY$l’'H3СИ @ ‰ х W]/6"ї$S:wTW]023467к3W]15+3ИПxNyNIVQVWWWYY{~є} !&3467птф † : ; B !$цЕСА"$&);ggШ‹ А ї љ !E!F!g!.'U'k.и.ђ.Q/й/Œ8­8?m@wG{GGїGI+IBT3UZVVYYYџџ Gerry GriffinkC:\WINDOWS\Application Data\Microsoft\Word\AutoRecovery save of Submission to Educational Disadavantage.asd Gerry GriffinkC:\WINDOWS\Application Data\Microsoft\Word\AutoRecovery save of Submission to Educational Disadavantage.asd Gerry GriffinPC:\WINDOWS\TEMP\AutoRecovery save of Submission to Educational Disadavantage.asd Gerry GriffinPC:\WINDOWS\TEMP\AutoRecovery save of Submission to Educational Disadavantage.asd Gerry GriffindC:\WINDOWS\Temporary Internet Files\Content.IE5\WH2VKD2Z\Submission to Educational Disadavantage.doc Gerry Griffin>C:\WINDOWS\Desktop\Submission to Educational Disadavantage.doc Gerry GriffinPC:\WINDOWS\TEMP\AutoRecovery save of Submission to Educational Disadavantage.asd Gerry Griffin>C:\WINDOWS\Desktop\Submission to Educational Disadavantage.docdeirdre_mcdonnellJC:\Documents and Settings\deirdre_mcdonnell\Desktop\edf_gerard_griffen.doc Gerry Griffin6C:\WINDOWS\Desktop\My Briefcase\edf_gerard_griffin.docўџџџџџџџџ—CK(T–џџџџџџџџџlф;HфёџџџџџџџџџW =S ђџџџџџџџџџtu|^є:sџ„„^„`„*„h„˜ўЦh^„h`„˜ў„h„˜ўЦh^„h`„˜ў.„а„0§Ца^„а`„0§..„а„0§Ца^„а`„0§... „8„ШћЦ8^„8`„Шћ .... „8„ШћЦ8^„8`„Шћ ..... „ „`њЦ ^„ `„`њ ...... „ „`њЦ ^„ `„`њ....... „„јјЦ^„`„јј........„h„˜ўЦh^„h`„˜ў„h„˜ўЦh^„h`„˜ў.„а„0§Ца^„а`„0§..„а„0§Ца^„а`„0§... „8„ШћЦ8^„8`„Шћ .... „8„ШћЦ8^„8`„Шћ ..... „ „`њЦ ^„ `„`њ ...... „ „`њЦ ^„ `„`њ....... „„јјЦ^„`„јј........@„„^„`„@„„^„`„.@„„^„`„..@„„^„`„...@ „„^„`„ ....@ „„^„`„ .....@ „„^„`„ ......@ „„^„`„.......@ x„„јј^„`„јј........@ „„хў^„`„хў56CJ() ўџџџўџџџМаЦџўlф;lф; бЦ џўtu|tu|lбЦџў—CK—CKxбЦ џўW =SW =SФбЦ џўџџџџџџџџШаЦ @h „h„˜ў^„h`„˜ўOJQJo(З№џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ– ˜5Œ0џџџџџџџџ– ˜5Œ0џџџ@€ХЦЯWYP@GTimes New Roman5€Symbol3& ArialI&€ ‡: џ?Arial Unicode MS"qˆ№аhwfwfь ЊI % Y№ ДД20dvZџџ•Submission to the Educational Disadvantage Forum from Gerard Griffin, National Co-ordinator for Senior Traveller Training Centres (Word Format 48KB) Gerry Griffin Gerry Griffinўџ р…ŸђљOhЋ‘+'Гй0˜8D\ht„ œЈ Ф а мш№јф–Submission to the Educational Disadvantage Forum from Gerard Griffin, National Co-ordinator for Senior Traveller Training Centres (Word Format 48KB) CubmGerry GriffintherrerrNormalrGerry Griffinth2rrMicrosoft Word 8.0d@@hф2Š@У@hф2Š@У ь ЊIўџ еЭеœ.“—+,љЎDеЭеœ.“—+,љЎаŒ hpŒ”œЄ ЌДМФ Ь nфPackard Bell NEC %vZj –Submission to the Educational Disadvantage Forum from Gerard Griffin, National Co-ordinator for Senior Traveller Training Centres (Word Format 48KB) Title˜ 6> _PID_GUIDфAN{4AED79C8-A6AE-4AB3-93C4-04D5B7F3FE22}  !"#$%&'()*+,-./012345678ўџџџ:;<=>?@ABCDEFGўџџџIJKLMNOўџџџQRSTUVWўџџџ§џџџZўџџџўџџџўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџRoot Entryџџџџџџџџ РF`ЃЮ>Š@У@!;QŠ@У\€1Tableџџџџџџџџџџџџ9ЖWordDocumentџџџџџџџџ.pSummaryInformation(џџџџHDocumentSummaryInformation8џџџџџџџџџџџџPCompObjџџџџjObjectPoolџџџџџџџџџџџџ@!;QŠ@У@!;QŠ@Уџџџџџџџџџџџџўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџўџ џџџџ РFMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.8є9Вq